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When a Cupped Floor Has Been Rightly Installed
There are few wood flooring problems more upsetting than cupped floors. Almost all wood floors will experience some contraction and expansion as the seasons change.
Cupping of the wood floor can be a natural reaction to these seasonal moisture changes if they occur to a minor extent. If the cupping is more severe, it could indicate a serious moisture related problem with the wood flooring.
Wood’s equilibrium moisture content (EMC) is influenced by the relative humidity (RH) and temperature of the surrounding air. Wood will lose or gain moisture until it is in balance with this surrounding environment. Higher RH usually causes the expansion of wood, because the wood absorbs the increased water moisture vapors from the air; lower RH usually causes wood to shrink as it releases the excessive water moisture vapors back into the air. Seasonal weather and RH changes can also affect and reflect changes to the wood’s EMC.
Cupped floors occur when wood curls up and the edges of the board are higher than its center. Moderate cupping can be detected from a standing position when light reflects off a cupped floor with a wavy or slightly washboard look, or it may be readily viewed by the naked eye in more extreme instances. In these cases, it can also be possibly felt underfoot.
Cupped floors can occur for the following reasons:
- Low indoor RH is usually the main reason if the wood flooring was installed correctly. Sometimes, wood flooring simply absorbs enough RH from the air that the flooring expands, compression sets in as the boards are crushed together, deforming the boards at the edges. The indoor humidity of the building should be controlled in this situation
- A moisture imbalance can occur throughout the thickness of the wood. The wood flooring is wetter on the bottom of the board than on the top. The moisture imbalance can be proven by taking moisture meter readings on the wood flooring.
- Excessive water spilled on the floor from a dishwasher leak. The excessive water is absorbed into the wood causing the wood to swell, crushing the boards together, and deforming them at the edges causing cupping. The cause of the moisture leak must be identified and eliminated in order to repair the floor.
- A plumbing leak can allow moisture to migrate up into the subfloor and then into the wood flooring causing cupping of the floor. Again the cause of the moisture problem must be identified and eliminated in order to repair the floor. Remember that the minor cupping can be due to the seasonal effects of MC changes in the wood floor and not necessarily on poor installation. It is also important to know that seasonal effects will always be present because seasons bring RH changes to our environment. Some cupping occurs naturally, but excessive cupping curls floors in a way that can require remediation.
Avoiding cupping begins before the wood flooring installation, of course. First, by measuring the RH of a concrete subfloor or by measuring the MC of the plywood or OSB wood subfloor with appropriate moisture measurement equipment, you can eliminate the subfloor MC as the cupping’s culprit.
Contractors and consumers can preempt cupping by measuring and monitoring the MC in the subflooring materials and in the wood flooring previous to installation. A wood floor is good to go when it reaches it’s EMC. Accurate moisture measurement in all of the pre-installation stages will ensure that the wood flooring will give the best performance homeowners expect.
If the cupping occurs after a proper flooring installation, moisture measurement still provides a key to solving the problem. A moisture inspection can identify problems that may have occurred after installation – like a leaking pipe – and give clues to the best solution possible. Once the source of the moisture problem is controlled, cupping can usually be cured. That’s great for wood floors, and the people who love them.
Free Download – 4 Reasons Your Hardwood Flooring Failed
As Sales Manager for Wagner Meters, Ron has more than 35 years of experience with instrumentation and measurement systems in different industries. In previous positions, he has served as Regional Sales Manager, Product and Projects Manager, and Sales Manager for manufacturers involved in measurement instrumentation.
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Last updated on August 18th, 2022
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Hi, I recently (2 months ago) had 3/4 wood floors installed.. My floors are cupped a little in places and some of the top coat is coming off also. The store I bought it from sent a 3rd party person that completely got different moisture readings than the person that checked the moisture levels for me.. I feel like they are giving me misleading information because they want to was their hands of me and my floor.. The guy they sent also took a moisture reading inside my air conditioning floor vent.. I feel that was misleading because of condensation.. Please give me some advice..
Christy,
Please give me a call at 1.800.634.9961 ext.212 so we can talk in more depth about this.
Thanks.
It’s great to read a post of yours, the information you gave us is not found anywhere. You keep giving us more information like this, we follow you.
We’ve lived in our house for 16 years, have 3/4 inch hickory floors which have cupped. This happened not long after they were installed. My husband seems to think this happened as a result of the boards being right against the wall board with no wiggle room on either end of the living room. Is this possible the floor was layed incorrectly with no room for expansion? We don’t have and have never had moisture problems in our house.
Thanks for your thoughts!
Doris:
Thanks for the question. While expansion is important to accommodate changes in wood floors throughout the year, the cupping is going to be related to a moisture imbalance. This could be a situation where the wood wasn’t acclimated enough prior to installation, moisture is coming up from below, or possibly the environmental conditions in the house have dried out causing the issue. I would recommend you have a certified wood flooring inspector come out and evaluate the situation. You can find one here https://www.woodfloors.org/certified-inspector.aspx Good luck.
I recently had an oak hardwood floor installed in my kitchen. The width of the oak wood is 3 1/4 inch. I have old oak floors in all of the rooms in my house. Never had any problems with the floors cupping. The kitchen floor was installed 2 two months ago. I’m starting to notice minor cupping on this kitchen floor. The person who installed the floor did not use and underlayment material. The hardwood oak flooring was fastened to new 1/4 inch plywood sheets which were nailed to the subfloor. Below my kitchen is a finished basement. The laundry tub is directly above the kitchen. There is a higher level of moisture in the kitchen. The flooring was sitting in my living room which is next to the kitchen for six weeks before it was installed. Any ideas why my kitchen floors are starting to cup. Thank you for reading my letter.
John:
Thanks for the question. There could be multiple things going on here like the moisture differential between the basement and the kitchen space or maybe the flooring didn’t fully acclimate. Instead of guessing though, I would seek out a certified wood flooring inspector and have them evaluate the situation. You can find one at https://www.woodfloors.org/certified-inspector.aspx Good luck.
Jason,
My house is a raised ranch which had 2 1/4″ white oak through most of the upper level. In April 2019 we remodeled and hired a flooring company to finish putting in the same type of oak floor in the remaining areas of the upper level. One room required finger jointing/weaving the old floor with the new floor . The subfloor is t & g plywood. The old floors have a 15 lb. felt underlayment/moisture barrier and I’m not sure what the contractor used as underlayment for the new floor. I just know that it wasn’t roofing felt. They let the new floors acclimate for a week before installing but I don’t know if they took moisture readings. Around the Fourth of July we noticed cupping on the new floor only and it wasn’t localized but occurred throughout the new floor area. The old floor is not cupped, even right next to the new floor in the finger joint area. Never any issue with the old floors other than a little squeaking and a few , moderately large joints.
I don’t know what to do or how this condition exists. Should the contractor have used roofing felt? If he had measured the moisture in the new flooring and the subfloor and the readings were nominal, could my new floor cup but not the old floor? Or, Is it more likely that he didn’t measure and moisture levels were off?
Thanks
Tom:
Thanks for the question. Without having the information about moisture testing or the specifics on the underlayment it makes it hard to know what the issue is. It could be an acclimation issue, vapor retarder issue, and/or a localized ambient air space issue. I would recommend that you contact a certified wood flooring inspector to look at the project, collect all of the relevant information, and then present you with the facts. Anything less than that would be speculation, especially with the various possibilities. Look at http://www.nwfa.org for a certified inspector. Please let me know if you have any other questions.
Jason
Hello Steve
We have been in our house for about 17 months (new build). The floors were copied the day we moved in to the house. My builder said it is normal and by spring it should settle. Spring and summer have gone and the floors are still cupped. I ran two dehumidifiers in the basement for six months, through winter and spring at the recommendation of my builder. They are still cupped. The floor installer has suggested that he is confident that the moisture levels are settled now (he is going to measure that) and that sanding then will be fine because the moisture is gone. He claims he has all the documents that state the appropriate moisture levels to the wood and house prior to installation, but I’m not sure how valid that is.
Bottom line…. If the readings of moisture level are fine, is sanding the floor a good option?
Tom:
The answer to your question is: it may be. I would recommend that you contact http://www.nwfa.org and find a certified wood flooring inspector in your area to evaluate the floor and with that information, determine the best course of action. Good luck!
Jason
Hi Jason,
Thanks for your prompt response. I thought about removing the batt insulation beneath the now insulated duct but since my basement is unheated – other than heat emanating from the gas furnace which is about 10′ away – I’ve been hesitant to do it. I agree that it’s definitely related to the duct since all other ducts in the basement run perpendicular to the joists and are hung below them with batt insulation between the joists; the wood floors above are perfect.
I may try to squeeze 12″ wide thin insulation wrap above the insulated duct and attach it to the subfloor. It won’t be perfect since there’s 14-1/2″ between the joists but it may provide enough of a barrier between the duct and allow some air flow around it. What do you think?
Thanks,
Steve
Steve:
I think it’s worth a try. If you are using a vinyl backed wrap you might want to get some seam tape to cut up a couple of pieces and get the entire 14 1/2” coverage to avoid any question.
Jason, I installed 4-1/4″ red oak plank (sanded and poly’d) in my kitchen about three years ago over a paper moisture barrier replacing a vinyl floor. Last fall I noticed some cupping in a narrow swath just above a 6″ heating/cooling duct that runs between two floor joists. It’s most noticeable when coming up my basement stairs as the slider to our deck is across from the basement door and the sunlight shows the irregularities. Originally, the duct itself wasn’t insulated and roll insulation was simply hung beneath it between the joists. The duct is close to the subfloor and isn’t really movable so I can’t reposition the insulation above it but I was able to slide a seamless foil/sleeve over the duct and taped the ends with foil tape. I rehung the insulation beneath the duct. I suspect moisture from the central AC system during the summer months must be condensing on the subfloor bottom and migrating up to the hardwood but I thought the insulation sleeve would have solved it. I’ll continue to monitor it and imagine during the heating season that drier air will cause the wood to shrink, but I also installed a whole house humidifier last year to provide moisture during the heating season.
What would you suggest? Thanks for any insight you can provide.
Steve in MA
Steve:
Thanks for the questions. I guess first, your idea of monitoring, especially with the various changes you have made, is a good initial course of action. The only thought I have is with the insulation encasing the duct in a confined space. I think the wrap is good, just not sure about the insulation beneath it. I am wondering if by encasing it, you may be making it worse. I might try to find a way to insulate the joist space, but leave the duct exposed so it doesn’t have as much potential to impact the entire joist space. Good luck.
Jason
we just had a new floor installed 3 months ago, I am noticing some cupping in a 4ft area only, and by the back door only. we have not had any leaks, spills or water at all on the floor. we only clean with Swiffer mops. No water mops. The installer is not getting back to us says he is trying to find a reason and to repair it. I am open for ideas. it was also a new subflooring. Thank you
Sam:
Thanks for the question. It’s hard to say why this happened exactly, but in order for a floor to cup, there has to be a moisture differential from the top to the bottom of the floor plank. That being said, if there are no water leaks that have caused this, then we have to start looking at ambient air conditions (is the door opening not sealing properly, allowing drastic ambient conditions from outside to affect the surface), is there a crawlspace issue in that area specifically, etc. You can find a certified flooring inspector if you would like to have the potential cause diagnosed. You can find one in your area at http://www.nfwa.org. Good luck.
Thanks,
Jason
Ron,
We had new hardwood installed recently. We left town for two weeks and came home to a beautiful floor.
The installers did a fantastic job joining the new wood to the old wood. Within a week the entire new wood has cupped…..every new board. It is plainly visible in and out of light. You can feel it with your hands and feet.
They did a moisture test before the installation and all was well. The installers said it’s really not an issue, blamed it on the crawl space foundation and eventually It will lay back down. They suggested I purchase de-humidifiers.
Would this also be your recommendation?
The old floors did not cup.
Thank you,
Deb
Debbie,
Thanks for the question. The crawlspace and proper ventilation can be a huge part of wood floor performance. I really can’t give a remedy to a problem that I haven’t been able to adequately diagnose. What I can state for certainty is that if your floor is cupping, the moisture content is higher on the bottom of the plank than on the top. The problem is answering the question of whether increased moisture has gotten to the bottom of the plank or if the air conditions in the house have dried the top? There could also be additional factors causing the problem. Pinpointing the probable culprit(s) causing this issue is key. One way to do that may be to have an independent certified wood flooring inspector come out to take a look. https://www.woodfloors.org/certified-professional-search.aspx is the consumer site for the National Wood Flooring Association. There you should be able to find an inspector in your area. Good luck.
I should add that the floors are solid maple and the installer used his tool and measured at 8%–which I supposed is the humidity of the planks as opposed to the room humidity, which is 43%.
Hi. I live in Southeastern PA, where it gets humid in the summer. My hardwood floors were installed a year ago in late May. By late June, they had cupped. The cupping resolves in the winter, then comes back in the summer. I run the A/C at all times during the warmer months, keeping it around 73 degrees. The floor humidity is about 43%. What could be the problem? The installers deny it is a fault of installation, though I know that they acclimated the planks for less than 1/2 day. They insist that if they re-install I’ll have the same cupping problem. I would love to know your opinion as I am considering demanding that they rip up the floors and re-install with better-acclimated flooring.
We’ve installed 4″ white oak #1 hardwood here in Nashville TN. We installed the floors after; dropping materials for two weeks, racking the floors for another week, then secured the floors and didn’t sand and coat for another 5-7 days. We added a second coat 4 weeks later. A week after that we noticed slight cupping. A month later they’ve cupped a little more.
We’ve had a very wet winter and the was a fire hydrant knocked over two blocks away up hill and it flooded the yards. On top of waiting for that to dry we had plenty of rain. All of this happened during the install and sealing of the floors. My installer says that since we’ve installed the HVAC system (forgot to mention this is a new build), that the floors should lay back down since there will be more heat and controlled climate.
Is this true, I’ve seen cupped floors worse than mine lay down before?
Look forward to your response.
Lorenzo:
Thanks for the comment. It’s hard to answer the question you have posed because I am not sure what the moisture content of the wood was at the time of acclimation or installation, what it is currently, or what the moisture content of the environment is now that HVAC is functional. Acclimation doesn’t happen by a stopwatch, it happens through calculation of ambient conditions and how those conditions relate to moisture content. Floors can “lay” back down depending on how bad they are and what the conditions are long-term, unfortunately, it’s hard to know in your specific situation.
Jason
Hi Ron,
We recently installed Red Birch throughout the whole house. The install was done in August 2017, we live in the northeast (Upstate New York). I noticed, a couple weeks after install, that some of the boards have cracking down the middle of them. After further investigation I noticed that there are several large and small cracks in the hard wood. I was concerned so I called the company where I bought them. The lumber store came to my house and so did a rep from the flooring manufacture. Before they even looked at the cracks they placed a moisture reader on the floors. It 9 – 12%. They then told me it was basically my fault because the moisture reading was mildly elevated. We then checked the basement and the humidity in the basement is normal and we all agreed that my home is “dry”. I feel that there is an issue with the flooring I bought. The rep also noticed some cupping. We also all agreed that the installation was done properly and that we acclimated all the wood at least 5 – 10 days before install in our house. My question is what is a normal moisture reading for hard wood floors newly installed in my home. And, my concern is that every house in my neighborhood has hard wood and I believe that if the floors were checked in these homes than the readings wood be the same.
Any advice wood be great:)
Thank You
Jess E.
Jess:
Thanks for the comment. “Normal” moisture readings can vary. Most manufacturers will state that they manufacturer their floors to a 6-8%MC level. Obviously, after the manufacturer, it depends on what kind of ambient environmental conditions the floor is subject to in determining what the MC% is prior to being delivered to your home. Once in the home, it then needs to acclimate, as you stated, to that environment. All of this being said, “normal” is whatever level RH% and temperature a homeowner keeps their house because, ultimately, this is the MC% level the wood is going to emulate. Here are a couple of informational links that may help more: http://www.woodfloorsonline.com/techtalk/US_moisture_map.html. We also have a free smart device app that will calculate equilibrium moisture content, say for your specific home, given you can measure the RH% and temperature in the environment: https://www.wagnermeters.com/wood-moisture-mobile/.
Hope this helps.
Jason
About a year ago, we added new hardwood flooring in our family room and dining rooms. The family room floor connects to kitchen hardwood and was feathered in. Noe both new hardwood is cupping, visually and can be felt as we walk on. Original kitchen flooring if fine. What is the cause and then what can be done?
Marty:
Thanks for the question. It may be an acclimation problem prior to installation, but the best way to figure it out for sure is to contact the National Hardwood Flooring Association at NWFA.org and look for a certified wood flooring inspector that can come out and physically look at the problem and properly diagnose the issue(s). I hope this helps.
Thanks,
Jason
please help me on a subject my floors are hardwoods and they are starting to have raves under the foot is it because i have a crawl space? this didnt happen before….
Had solid strand woven bamboo laid in all living areas (not bathrooms or utility) as part of a total renovation about 2 months ago and have underfloor heating. Within a couple of weeks, the planks began to ‘cup’ in most rooms, some areas worse than others. Bought flooring from Bamboo flooring company who said the cupping was within acceptable limits but we can feel it underfoot when walking round without footwear. Installers have said not their responsibility as the product must be inferior. Have to wait and see what happens now and will have to employ an independent door assessor to find out where the fault lays …. anyone else had this problem and did it resolve itself?
Yes, we just moved into a new house and replaced laminate floors with solid strand woven bamboo floors at the beginning of April. We did have one small spill near the laundry room that we cleaned up immediately. We installed mostly all downstairs (except the master bedroom/bath). Everywhere installed is cupped, and like you mentioned some areas worse than others. We bought ours from Lumber Liquidators and they used a contracting company to install. The guy that came back out walked in and noticed it immediately, but wasn’t able to do much. He mentioned that a second team would have to come out with different tools to identify the main issue.
He did mention that before they do any job, the crawl space underneath the house must be fully covered with plastic to avoid moisture. Ours is not fully covered up to the wall and some dirt show in other areas and he thinks that moisture may be the problem. He also said that they are not supposed to start a job if that is not done, so hopefully they can get this resolved if that is the issue. If the issue is found, the installer mentioned that the floors could potentially go back into shape but we are only on the beginning stages so we will see.
having issues with new Brazilian Pecan solid wood floors. Do you know experts in the Garland/Dallas area who can identify the issues with cupping?
Rick,
Use this link to the National Wood Flooring Association Certified Professionals web page for your area, and scroll down to see Certified Inspectors in your area: http://woodfloors.org/certified-professional-search.aspx.
Thanks for the info. I had a flood in my kitchen in Aug. 2013. My flooding is hard wood. the contractor let the floor dry out for 3 months now it is cupping and I am trying to find out what I need to do about it.
Cmaey, could you please tell me what the contractor did to fix this issue? Is your subfloor ok? We had a minor flood last weelk in our kitchen and we are drying the floor with utility fans now.
What is the EMC tolerance supposed to be?